Family Law – Divorce in Indonesia/ Hukum Keluarga – Perceraian di Indonesia

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Family Law – Divorce in Indonesia

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Hukum Keluarga – Perceraian di Indonesia

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Before we proceed further, a divorce is an issue which may impact the family life in its entirety, in that aspect under this post, we will mention a principles which worth mentioned during/before a divorce and/or after the divorce process.

To be noted that there is a different type of process and grounds for Moslem and Non-Moslem divorce.

 

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Sebelum kita melangkah lebih jauh, perceraian adalah masalah yang dapat mempengaruhi kehidupan keluarga secara keseluruhan, dalam aspek di berdasarkan posting ini, kami akan menyebutkan prinsip-prinsip yang layak disebutkan selama / sebelum perceraian dan / atau setelah proses perceraian.

Perlu dicatat bahwa ada berbagai jenis proses dan alasan untuk perceraian Muslim dan Non-Muslim.

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Divorce lawsuit in Indonesia

Divorce is regulated under Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage as amended by Law 16 of 2019 (“Marriage Law”)  and its implementing regulation, Government Regulation No. 9 of 1975 concerning The Implementation of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage (“Marriage Regulation”).

Specific for Moslem, Indonesia has a Indonesian Islamic Law Compilation, which is a compilation of Islamic practices in Indonesia currently used as a guidance instead of a binding regulation in religious courts proceedings.

  

Article 19 of Marriage Regulation stipulates a basis for divorce which are:

  1. One of the party has committed adultery, is an alcoholic, is addicted to drugs, is a gambler or other vices which are difficult to cure;
  2. One of the party has left the other spouse for two consecutive years, without consent and without legitimate reasons or the absence of reasons beyond his control;
  3. One of the party has been sentenced to imprisonment for five years or a longer period;
  4. One of the party has resorted to cruelty or severe ill-treatment, endangering the life of the other spouse;
  5. One of the party has developed a disability or disease, preventing from fulfilling the duties of husband or wife;
  6. The parties has irreconcilable differences.

 

 

*the reference to Party in the above shall means husband or wife.

Grounds for divorce as stated above applies to Moslem couples and Non-Moslem couples.

Further under Indonesian Islamic Law Compilation, there are 2 (two) other grounds for divorce for Moslem couples, which are :

  • The husband violates taklik talak (a promise that whenever a particular event occurred during the marriage-  stipulated in the marriage book – thus the wife has the right to divorce the husband); and
  • One party becomes murtad or changes his/her religion from Islam to become other religion resulting in irreconcilable differences.

 

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Gugatan cerai di Indonesia

Perceraian diatur berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 (“UU Perkawinan”) dan peraturan pelaksanaannya, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 1975 tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (“Peraturan Perkawinan“).

Khusus untuk Muslim, Indonesia memiliki Kompilasi Hukum Islam Indonesia, yang merupakan kompilasi praktik Islam di Indonesia yang saat ini digunakan sebagai pedoman dan bukan sebagai peraturan yang mengikat dalam proses pengadilan agama.

Pasal 19 Peraturan Perkawinan menetapkan dasar untuk perceraian yaitu:

  1. Salah satu pihak berbuat zina atau menjadi pemabok, pemadat, penjudi, dan lain sebagainya yang sukar disembuhkan;
  2. Salah satu pihak meninggalkan pihak lain selama 2 (dua) tahun berturut-turut tanpa izin pihak lain dan tanpa alasan yang sah atau karena hal lain diluar kemampuannya;
  3. Salah satu pihak mendapat hukuman penjara 5 (lima) tahun atau hukuman yang lebih berat setelah perkawinan berlangsung;
  4. Salah satu pihak melakukan kekejaman atau penganiayaan berat yang membahayakan pihak yang lain;
  5. Salah satu pihak mendapat cacat badan atau penyakit dengan akibat tidak dapat menjalankan kewajibannya sebagai suami/isteri;
  6. Antara suami dan isteri terus-menerusterjadi perselisihan dan pertengkaran dan tidak ada harapan akan hidup rukun lagi dalam rumah tangga.

*Referensi kepada Pihak di atas berarti ke suami atau istri.

Alasan perceraian seperti yang disebutkan di atas berlaku untuk pasangan Muslim dan non-Muslim.

Lebih lanjut berdasarkan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Indonesia, ada 2 (dua) alasan lain untuk perceraian bagi pasangan Muslim, yaitu:

  • Sang suami melanggar taklik talak (sebuah janji bahwa setiap kali peristiwa tertentu terjadi selama pernikahan – yang biasanya ditentukan dalam buku pernikahan – dengan demikian sang istri memiliki hak untuk menceraikan sang suami); dan
  • Satu pihak menjadi murtad atau mengubah agamanya dari Islam menjadi agama lain yang menghasilkan perbedaan yang tidak dapat didamaikan.

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Who has the Authorization to submit Divorce

For Moslem, the divorce lawsuit can be submitted by the husband or the wife or through its proxy (attorney) to the relevant Court.

For Non-Moslem, the husband or the wife may submit the divorce lawsuit.

Note that specific for a civil servant (pegawai negeri sipil), an approval from its superior shall be obtained prior submitting the divorce lawsuits.

 

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Siapa yang berhak untuk mengajukan Gugatan Perceraian 

Untuk Muslim, gugatan cerai dapat diajukan oleh suami atau istri atau melalui kuasanya (pengacara) ke Pengadilan terkait.

Bagi Non-Muslim, suami atau isteri dapat mengajukan gugatan cerai.

Perhatikan bahwa khusus untuk pegawai negeri sipil, persetujuan dari atasannya harus diperoleh sebelum mengajukan gugatan cerai.

 

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Divorce lawsuit submission in Indonesia

Article 39 of Marriage Law stipulates that a divorce can only be done before the Court after the Court tries and does not succeed in reconciling the couples. 

But before proceeding trough with the submission, the submissions shall go through the relevant Court which is related to the religion of the party, Moslem (Religious Court) or Non-Moslem (District Court).

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Pengajuan gugatan cerai di Indonesia

Pasal 39 UU Perkawinan menetapkan bahwa Perceraian hanya dapat dilakukan didepan Sidang Pengadilan setelah Pengadilan yang bersangkutan berusaha dan tidak berhasil mendamaikan kedua belah pihak.

Tetapi sebelum melanjutkan melalui pengajuan gugatan, pengajuan harus melalui Pengadilan terkait yang terkait dengan agama pihak yang akan bercerai, Muslim (Pengadilan Agama) atau Non-Muslim (Pengadilan Negeri).

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Moslem Couples Divorce Procedure

Under Religious Court Law (Law No. 7 of 1989 on Islamic Religious Court as lastly amended by Law No. 50 of 2009), there are 3 (three) types of divorce procedure in the religious courts:

  1. Talaq divorce is a divorce application filed by a Moslem husband to the religious Court requesting the Court to hold a Talaq vow declaration by the husband intending to divorce his wife. (If a divorce occurred through thalak, the ex-husband has an obligation to give a proper mut’ah right to his ex-wife, in the form of: money or goods. An amount of mut’ah right shall be decided by the court pursuant to the husband’s capability);
  2. Divorce law suit is a divorce suit filed by the wife or her proxy (attorney) to the religious court; and
  3. Divorce because of adultery (zina) that can be done by submitting complete and accurate evidence or by submitting some evidence and the plaintiff takes an oath before the court saying that the defendant commits adultery.

Law suit regarding the consequences from the divorce, such as: child custody, child living costs, wife living costs, and joint assets distribution of husband and wife, can be submitted together with the talaq divorce application, or with divorce law suit or after the talaq vow has been declared or after the divorce proceedings has become final and binding.

Divorce Process at Religious Court

  • Submission of divorce application or divorce lawsuit;
  • The court summons both parties to attend the scheduled court hearing;
  • Examination of the parties before the court;
  • Mediation process (maximum of 40 (forty) days as per Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2008 concerning Mediation Process in Court);
  • if mediation has been failed, court proceeding will continue to the agenda of response of defendant towards divorce lawsuit;
  • The plaintiff’s rebuttal (replik);
  • The defendant’s surebuttal (duplik);
  • Evidence by the plaintiff and cross-examination;
  • Evidence by the defendant and cross-examination;
  • Closing/conclusive argument by both parties before the court;
  • Divorce claim Judgment ;
  • If the divorce is granted, therefore the court will then order male spouse to read divorce statement or as known as “Ikrar Talak” and there is also a possibility that the divorce lawsuit is rejected.

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Prosedur Perceraian Pasangan Muslim 

Berdasarkan UU Peradilan Agama (UU No. 7 tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama Islam sebagaimana terakhir diubah oleh UU No. 50 tahun 2009), ada 3 (tiga) jenis prosedur perceraian di pengadilan agama:

  1. perceraian Talaq adalah proses perceraian yang diajukan oleh suami Muslim ke Pengadilan Agama meminta Pengadilan untuk mengadakan deklarasi sumpah Talaq oleh suami yang bermaksud menceraikan istrinya. (Jika perceraian terjadi melalui talaq, mantan suami memiliki kewajiban untuk memberikan hak mut’ah yang tepat kepada mantan istrinya, dalam bentuk: uang atau barang. Sejumlah hak mut’ah akan diputuskan oleh pengadilan sesuai dengan kemampuan suami);
  2. Gugatan cerai adalah gugatan cerai yang diajukan oleh istri atau kuasanya (pengacara) ke pengadilan agama; dan
  3. Perceraian karena perzinaan (zina) yang dapat dilakukan dengan menyerahkan bukti yang lengkap dan akurat atau dengan menyerahkan beberapa bukti dan penggugat bersumpah di depan pengadilan mengatakan bahwa terdakwa melakukan perzinahan.

Gugatan mengenai konsekuensi dari perceraian, seperti: hak asuh anak, biaya hidup anak, biaya hidup istri, dan distribusi aset bersama suami dan istri, dapat diajukan bersama dengan permohonan perceraian talaq, atau dengan gugatan cerai atau setelah sumpah talaq telah dinyatakan atau setelah proses perceraian menjadi final dan mengikat.

Proses Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama

  • Pengajuan permohonan perceraian atau gugatan cerai;
  • Pengadilan memanggil kedua pihak untuk menghadiri sidang yang dijadwalkan;
  • Pemeriksaan para pihak di pengadilan;
  • Proses mediasi (maksimum 40 (empat puluh) hari sesuai dengan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No. 1 tahun 2008 tentang Proses Mediasi di Pengadilan);
  • jika mediasi gagal, proses pengadilan akan melanjutkan agenda tanggapan tegugat terhadap gugatan cerai;
  • Bantahan penggugat (replik);
  • Jawaban tergugat (duplik);
  • Bukti oleh penggugat dan pemeriksaan silang (saksi);
  • Bukti oleh tergugat dan pemeriksaan silang (saksi);
  • kesimpulan/ konklusif oleh kedua belah pihak di depan pengadilan;
  • Putusan Perceraian;
  • Jika perceraian dikabulkan, maka pengadilan akan memerintahkan pasangan pria untuk membaca pernyataan perceraian atau yang dikenal sebagai “Ikrar Talak” dan ada juga kemungkinan bahwa gugatan cerai ditolak.

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Non-Moslem Couples Divorce Procedure

Non-Moslem Divorce procedure following the normal process of court proceeding. the plaintiff may be represented by its proxy (attorney) to appear before the court.

Divorce Process at District Court

  • Submission of divorce application or divorce lawsuit;
  • The court summons both parties to attend the scheduled court hearing;
  • Examination of the parties before the court;
  • Mediation process (maximum of 40 (forty) days as per Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2008 concerning Mediation Process in Court);
  • if mediation has been failed, court proceeding will continue to the agenda of response of defendant towards divorce lawsuit;
  • The plaintiff’s rebuttal (replik);
  • The defendant’s surebuttal (duplik);
  • Evidence by the plaintiff and cross-examination (witness);
  • Evidence by the defendant and cross-examination (witness);
  • Closing/conclusive argument by both parties before the court;
  • Divorce claim Judgment;

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Prosedur Perceraian Pasangan Non-Muslim 

Prosedur perceraian non-Muslim mengikuti proses persidangan yang normal. penggugat dapat diwakili oleh kuasanya (pengacara) untuk muncul di hadapan pengadilan.

Proses Perceraian di Pengadilan Negeri

  • Pengajuan permohonan perceraian atau gugatan cerai;
  • Pengadilan memanggil kedua pihak untuk menghadiri sidang yang dijadwalkan;
  • Pemeriksaan para pihak di pengadilan;
  • Proses mediasi (maksimum 40 (empat puluh) hari sesuai dengan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No. 1 tahun 2008 tentang Proses Mediasi di Pengadilan);
  • jika mediasi gagal, proses pengadilan akan melanjutkan agenda tanggapan tegugat terhadap gugatan cerai;
  • Bantahan penggugat (replik);
  • Jawaban tergugat (duplik);
  • Bukti oleh penggugat dan pemeriksaan silang (saksi);
  • Bukti oleh tergugat dan pemeriksaan silang (saksi);
  • kesimpulan/ konklusi oleh kedua belah pihak di depan pengadilan;
  • Putusan Perceraian.

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Estimated Divorce Proceeding

In Indonesia, in practical point of view the divorce proceeding may take from 3 months up to 1 year.

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Perkiraan Proses Perceraian 

Di Indonesia, dalam sudut pandang praktik, proses perceraian dapat berlangsung dari 3 bulan hingga 1 tahun.

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